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Confucius
551–479 BCE · State of Lu, China

Confucius

Confucius lived in a time of disorder in ancient China and spent his life trying to mend it, not through force but through character. He taught that a good society begins with good people, formed by ritual, learning, family duty and a deep respect for others. His students gathered his sayings into the Analects after his death. His thought became the moral backbone of East Asian civilisation for more than two thousand years.

When you know a thing, to hold that you know it; and when you do not know a thing, to allow that you do not know it: this is knowledge.

Confucius, Analects, 2.17

Core ideas

Ren: humaneness, the heart of good characterThe rectification of names: words and roles lived truthfullyLearning and ritual as the daily practice of virtue

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